India Faces School Closures Amid Declining Birth Rates

Apr 21, 2026

72 min

Apr 21, 2026 10:32

## Declining Fertility Rates Impact Schools

India is witnessing a significant decline in fertility rates, leading to a decrease in the number of children and resulting in school closures. The total fertility rate has dropped to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1, causing a reduction in school enrollments.

## School Closures and Mergers

Between 2019 and 2025, the number of government schools in India decreased from 1.03 million to 1.01 million. This decline is attributed to outright closures, school mergers due to fewer students, and repurposing of school buildings.

## Enrollment Figures

School enrollment numbers have fallen from 251.8 million in 2022-23 to 246.9 million in 2024-25. The most significant drop is seen in lower classes, with a decrease of 3.4 million students in classes 1-5 within a year.

## Future Projections

Population projections indicate a continued decline in the 0-14 age group, with a reduction of 19 million children expected between 2021 and 2031. This trend is expected to continue, impacting the workforce and economic growth.

## Calls for Policy Changes

Experts suggest that India should focus on enhancing the quality of education rather than worrying about declining enrollment. Some propose converting underutilized schools into community centers or other facilities.

## Challenges Ahead

The demographic shift poses challenges such as an aging population and increased dependency ratios, which could lead to higher pension and healthcare costs. Policymakers are urged to adapt to these changes to maintain economic stability.

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